PEF-Settling and Centrifugation 制药工程与 及设备基础　Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals　　.ppt

Pharmaceutical Equipment Fundamentals Settling and Centrifugation 陈慧萍 chenhuiping@ncu.edu.cn Settling Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. Experience a force For gravity settling, this means that the particles will tend to fall to the bottom of the vessel, forming a slurry at the vessel base. Particles Tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force. Gravity Centrifugal motion Electromagnetism Settling Example Settling is an important operation in many applications, such as mining, wastewater treatment, biological science, space propellant reignition, and particle mechanics. Settling pond for iron particles at water works Physics For settling particles that are considered individually, i.e. dilute particle solutions, there are two main forces enacting upon any particle. The primary force is an applied force, such as gravity, ----------------- The applied force is usually not affected by the particles velocity A drag force that is due to the motion of the particle through the fluid. ----------------- whereas the drag force is a function of the particle velocity. Creeping flow past a sphere: streamlines, drag force Fd and force by gravity Fg. Settling Process For a particle at rest no drag force will exhibited, which causes the particle to accelerate due to the applied force. When the particle accelerates, the drag force acts in the direction opposite to the particles motion, retarding further acceleration, in the absence of other forces drag directly opposes the applied force. As the particle increases in velocity eventually the drag force and the applied force will approximately equate, causing no further change in the particles velocity. This velocity is known as the terminal velocity, settling velocity or fall velocity of the particle. This is readily measurable by examining the rate of fall of individual particles Hindered Settling Alternate considera