第4章A (PPTminimizer).pptVIP

CHAPTER 4 Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment OUTLINE 4.1 CELL SURFACE 4.2 CELL ENVIRONMENT 4.3 CELL RECOGNIZATION 4.4 CELL JUNCTION 4.1 Cell Surface ◆在结构上，包括： ●细胞被(cell coat) ●细胞质膜 ●表层胞质溶胶(corticol cytosol) ◆在功能上： ●保护细胞,使细胞有一个相对稳定的内环境； ●参与细胞内外的物质交换和能量交换； ●参与信号的识别和信息的传递； ●参与细胞运动； ●维护细胞的各种形态； ●与免疫、癌变等有十分密切关系。 ?表层胞质溶胶(cytosol)： 其中含有高浓度的蛋白质,其厚度在哺乳类细胞为0.1-0.2μm,其中没有核糖体和线粒体, 但是有较多的微丝和微管,它们对于维持细胞的形态和运动具有重要作用。 ?细胞被 ◆Glycocalyx) ●组成： 由细胞表面的碳水化合物形成的质膜保护层，又称为多糖包被。 ●功能： The glycocalyx is thought to mediate cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions, provide mechanical protection to cells, and serve as a barrier to particles moving toward the plasma membrane. 4.1.2 PLANT CELL WALLS ?植物细胞壁的作用 ◆提供机械强度 ◆保护细胞免遭渗透及机械损伤 ◆植物细胞壁是一个动态结构，能够进行很多活动: ●与细胞壁有关的酶能够吸收细胞外的营养，生成能够通过细胞膜进入细胞的小分子化合物。 ●细胞壁也可以作为物质通透的障碍，在代谢和分泌过程中起重要作用。 ?细胞壁的结构组成 ◆植物的细胞壁相当于动物细胞的细胞 外基质(!!!)： ●动物细胞的细胞外基质的主要成分是 蛋白质分子； ●植物的细胞壁主要是多糖，其中最主 要的是纤维素。 ◆植物细胞壁的骨架：纤维素 ◆植物细胞壁的骨架：纤维素 ●Cellulose molecules are organized into microfibrils that confer rigidity to the cell wall and provide resistance to tensile (pulling) forces. ? ●Each microfibril is 5-10 nm in diameter and is composed of bundles of 30 to 60 cellulose molecules oriented parallel to one another and held together by hydrogen bonds. ? ◆The matrix of the plant cell walls ■Hemicellulose ●Hemicelluloses are branched polysaccharides whose backbone consists of one sugar, such as glucose, and side chains of other sugars, such as xylose. ●Hemicellulose molecules bind to the surfaces of cellulose microfibrils, cross-linking them into a complex structural network. ■Pectins： ●Pectins are a heterogeneous class of negatively charged polysaccharides containing galacturonic acid（半乳糖醛酸）； ●Like the glycosaminoglycans of animal cell matrices, pectins hold water and thus form an extensive hydrated gel（水合胶）that fills in the spaces between the fibrous elements； ●When a plant is attacked by pathogens, fragments of pectins released from the wall trigger a