汉语语法研究专题集.pdfVIP

汉语语法研究专题 第三部分 第二讲 条件句与汉语代词的指称研究1 2006 年 3 月 27 日 蒋严 编译 一、理论背景：代词的指称类型 Evans (1980) I ．提出了四种代词的指称类型： i) 代词所指为共有知觉环境中出现的彰显个体 [直指代词] (1) He’s up early. [指视野中出现的某人] (2) I’m glad he’s left. [指刚离开的那个人] ii) 代词所指是句中出现的一个指称表达式，后者为前者的先性词，代词与该词同 指 [ 回指代词 1， 其先行词是指称表达式] (3) John loves his mother. (iii) 代词的先行词是量化表达式，代词所取的值与量化式的值共变，(在这个特定 使用过程中) ，代词因受量词约束，本身也没有固定的指称对象了 [受约变量，回指 代词 2 ， 其先行词不是指称表达式] (4) Every man loves his mother. (iv) 代词的先行词也是量化表达式，但代词的指称对象不与量化式的值共变，即不 受后者约束 [这是由 Evans 首次提出的，Evans 称之为 E-type pronouns] (5) Few M.P.s came to the party but they had a good time. ≠ but few M.P.s came to the party = but the M.P.s who came to the party had a good time. II ．对E类代词的进一步说明 (6) Few congressmen admire only the people they know. (7) Few congressmen admire Kennedy, and they are very junior. 1 说明：本讲义根据参考书目部分内容编译，非本人原创内容。但阐释多依据个人理解，有时也采 用了原作未提到的后继著述，所以不完全代表原作者的观点。如有谬误，当属本人之妄释及臆 想。-- 蒋严 1 (6)是约束变量解，但(7)的 few congressmen 的辖域(scope)只能是第一个分句，不能 延伸到第二个分句。否则就得理解为 Few congressmen both admire Kennedy and are very junior. (8) John owns some sheep and Harry vaccinates them in the spring. ≠ Some sheep are such that John owns them and Harry vaccinates them in the spring. = … Harry vaccinates all the sheep that John owns. [some sheep 并不约束 them] 区分两者的办法是用No 去置换原来的量词，然后考察代词的指称 (9) No congressmen admire only the people they know. (10) *No congressmen admire Kennedy, and they are very junior. (11) No sheep are such they John owns them and Harry vaccinates them in the spring. (12) *John owns no sheep, and Harry vaccinates them in the spring. E类代词指称一些个体，这些个体作为语义赋值可以证实先其出现的含带量化结构 的小句的值。因此，从这个赋值角度看，代词当然要指代所有满足相关谓词的个 体。[试与约束变量解的赋值情况作比较] 同理，如果先行词用了No这个量词，那 么E类代词就不可能出现了。 如果量化结构要约束代词，前者必须居前且成分统领 c-command 后者。因 此，凡是有 E 类代词解释的情况，就绝不能满足此结构要求。 (13) After Harry bought some sheep, Harry vaccinated them. (14) *After Harry bought no sheep, Harry vaccinated them. (