外文文献：氨制冷.docVIP

Refrigeration with ammonia Andy Pearson* Star Refrigeration Ltd,Glasgow G46 8JW,UK abstract Ammonia is widely used as a refrigerant in industrial systems for food refrigeration, distribution warehousing and process cooling. It has more recently been proposed for use in applications such as water chilling for air-conditioning systems but has not yet received widespread acceptance in this field. This review paper assesses the reasons why ammonia is so popular in industrial systems, the reasons why it is deemed less suitable for other applications and the possible benefits at local, national and international levels that might be gained by more general acceptance of ammonia as a refrigerant. The paper also considers other possible applications which might benefit from the use of ammonia as refrigerant. 2007 Elsevier Ltd and IIR， All rights reserved. Introduction The continued refinement of our understanding of climate science combined with increased concerns on many levels about energy consumption has created an unprecedented requirement for the development of efficient refrigeration systems with minimal impact on the environment. If HFC refrigerants are to be substituted, as seems to be the case in several European countries, or even if their use is to be constrained to applications where there is no technically and economically viable alternative, then it is essential that the chemicals used in their stead satisfy some fundamental requirements. They must be no less energy efficient than the HFC that they replace. They must be proven to be safe, both for the immediate neighborhood and for the global environment. They must be simple and cost-effective to use, they must be readily available and ideally they must not require any significantly new or unfamiliar technology. Ammonia presents several challenges in this respect, if it is truly to be considered to be an alternative to HFC. The maximum charge permitted in an occupied space is defined by the practical limit,