Investigating the removal of some pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Ar.调查的一些药物在医院污水处理厂运营在沙特阿拉伯.pdfVIP

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Investigating the removal of some pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Ar.调查的一些药物在医院污水处理厂运营在沙特阿拉伯.pdf

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Investigating the removal of some pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Ar.调查的一些药物在医院污水处理厂运营在沙特阿拉伯

Environ Sci Pollut Res (2016) 23:13003– 13014 DOI 10.1007/s11356-016-6389-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Investigating the removal of some pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Arabia Hamed Al Qarni 1 Philip Collier 1 Juliette O’Keeffe 1 Joseph Akunna 1 Received: 11 September 2015 /Accepted: 29 February 2016 /Published online: 21 March 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at S Abstract The concentrations of 12 pharmaceutical com- Keywords Pharmaceutical compounds . Wastewater . pounds (atenolol, erythromycin, cyclophosphamide, paracet- Temperature . Removal rates . Saudi Arabia . Desert climate . amol, bezafibrate, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, caffeine, Activated sludge clarithromycin, lidocaine, sulfamethoxazole and N- acetylsulfamethoxazol (NACS)) were investigated in the in- fluents and effluents of two hospital wastewater treatment Introduction plants (HWWTPs) in Saudi Arabia. The majority of the target analytes were detected in the influent samples apart from Pharmaceutical compounds include a wide range of chemicals bezafibrate, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin. Caffeine with different structures, functions, behaviors, and activities and paracetamol were detected in the influent at particularly and are used to enhance human health in the medical field. high concentrations up to 75 and 12 ug/L, respectively. High After their excretion by patients, these compounds and their removal efficiencies of the pharmaceutical compounds were metabolites can contaminate surface water, ground water, and observed in both HWWTPs, with greater than 90 % removal drinking water (Kolpin et al. 2002; Monteiro and Boxall 2010; on average. Paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole, NACS, cipro- Li