病例定义(施国庆201103北京).pptVIP

* More than 50 years ago Bradford Hill laid out 9 criteria for causation in epidemiology. Since then others have suggested minor additions or modifications to these findings but on the whole they still serve us well in in judging the quality of epidemiologic findings. Among the 9 criteria 3 apply more directly to analytic (case control and cohort studies) Strength of the association, Specificity of the association, Dose reponse effect. Bradford hill wrote these with a specific practical purpose – to help epidemiologists decide at what point they had sufficient evidence to take preventive