《语言学导论》语义知识讲稿.pptxVIP

语义学(Semantics)Semantics: The Study of Linguistic MeaningSemantics as part of a grammarTheories of meaningThe scope of a semantic theorySemantics as part of a grammarWhy?It is often said that a grammar describes what fluent speakers know of their language – their linguistic competence.A language is often defined as a conventional system for communication, a system for conveying messages.Theories of meaningDifferent uses of the word “mean” in English:The terms “mean” and “meaning” we use:The denotation theory of meaningMentalist theories of meaning -Meaning as images -Meaning as conceptsThe sense theory of meaningThe use theory of meaningThe denotation theory of meaningTwo implications:Mentalist theories of meaningIdeas as mental imagesPegasus, Eiffel Tower;?? Dog, triangle, kick, only, and; ??She speaks French and Navajo. She speaks French or Navajo.Ideas as concepts?? Prototypes?? Only, not, hello;?? SentencesSo, is meaning an entity? Maybe not!The sense theory of meaning Frege (1892): -Ideas cannot be meaning, since they are subjective and fleeting. -Denotations are not enough.Sense and denotation: a sense is a way that denotation is presented or known to the language user.The sense of a declarative sentence is the conditions that make the sentence true (i.e., truth conditions). Then, what is the sense of a question, or a imperative?优点：1. 意义既不等同于denotation，也不等同于ideas（images/concepts）;2. 优先赋予句子语义，而不是词或短语。The use theory of meaningWittgenstein (1958)优点：hello, table, Pegasus问题：“use”的概念不够清楚The scope of a semantic theoryWords and phrasesSentencesWords and phrasesMeaning properties, such as the property of being meaningful or being meaningless, lexical ambiguity, polysemy (e.g., bank, pupil), anomaly. 比如，“手”是一个多义词。它的本义就是“人体上肢前端拿东西的部分”。其他义项都是直接或间接从本义的基础上派生出来的派生意义。如“手”的派生意义有：(1)“拿着”（如“人手一册”）；(2)“用手”（如“手抄本”、“手写体”、“手推车”）；(3)“亲手”（如“手笔”、“手迹”）；(4)“小巧而便于用手操持的”（如“手枪”、“手鼓”）；(5)“量词，用于技能、本领”（如：“他真有两手”）；(6)“擅长某种技能或做某种事的人”（如“吹鼓手”、“棋手”）。 Meaning relations, such as synonymy (同义词),