有机化学课件Chapter 5 Stereochemistry教程教案.pptVIP

Chapter 5 Stereochemistry Teaching Objectives and Requirements Understand: Configuration of Molecules, Chirality, Optical Activity, Grasp: Enantiomers, Stereogenic Center, R－S Notational System, Fischer Projections, Molecules with Two Stereogenic Centers. Key points and Areas of Difficulty R－S Notational System, Fischer Projections. 5.1 Configuration of Molecules Stereoisomers have the same connectivity-the same sequence of bonded atoms-but different arrangements of the atoms in space. Stereogenic center is a tetrahedral carbon atom bearing four different groups or atoms. 5.2 Mirror Images and Chirality When an object and its mirror image exactly match, we say that they are superimposable. An object that is not superimposable (non-superimposable) on its mirror is said to be chiral (Greek,Chiron,hand) ,contrarily said to be achiral. Molecular Chirality A molecule is chiral: contains a stereogenic center, which is a tetrahydral carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups. 5.2 Mirror Images and Chirality 5.2 Mirror Images and Chirality A molecule containing a stereogenic center can exist as a pair of enantiomers. Physical Properties of Enantiomers Enantiomers have many identical physical properties, such as density, melting point, and boiling point. In a chiral environment they have different chemical properties and can be distinguished. 6.3 Optical Activity When a beam of “ordinary” light passes through a polarizing filter, it is converted to a beam of plane-polarized light that oscillates in a single plane. When a beam of polarized light pass through a solution of chiral compound, its oscillating direction can be changed to the right or left. Because chiral molecules rotate plane-polarized light, they are called optical active. 6.3 Optical Activity 6.3 Optical Activity Specific Rotation The optical activity of a substance of degrees of rotation of a solution at a concentration, symbolized by [α]D. The specific rotation is the number of degree o