有机化学课件Chapter 7 Alcohols and Phenols教学讲义.pptVIP

7.8 Synthesis of Alcohols We have already encountered two methods of preparing of alcohols: (1) substition of a halide by hydroxide and (2) addition of water to an alkene. These reactions often have low yields. Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds 7.8 Synthesis of Alcohols Alcohols can be produced by reducing the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones with hydrogen gas at approximately 100 atm pressure in the presence of a metal catalyst such as palladium,or a special reactive form of nickel called Raney nickel. Chapter 7 Alcohols and Phenols Teaching Objectives and Requirements Understand: The Hydroxyl Group, Classification, Physical Properties Grasp: Nomenclature, Acid-Base Reactions of Alcohols, Substitution Reactions of Alcohols, Dehydration of Alcohol, Oxidation, Phenols Key points and Main Areas of Difficulty Substitution Reactions of Alcohols, Dehydration of Alcohol, Oxidation. 7.1 The Hydroxy Group Alcohols and phenols both contain a hydroxyl group(—OH). Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to a sp3-hybridized carbon atom. Phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an sp2-hybrodized carbon atom of an aromatic ring. 7.1 The Hydroxy Group Alcohols and phenols react with alkali metals to produce hydrogen gas,alkali metal ions,and an oxyanion derived from the alcohol or phenol. The oxyanions are called alkoxides and phenoxides, respectively. 7.2 Classification and Nomenclature of Alcohols Alcohols are classfied as primary(1), secondary(2),or tertiary(3) based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbon atoms to which the hydroxyl group is attached. 7.2 Classification and Nomenclature of Alcohols When the hydroxy group is attached to a ring, the ring is numbered starting with the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group. Numbering continues in the direction that gives the lowest numbers to carbon atoms with substituents such as alkyl groups. The number 1 is not used in the name to indicate the position of the hydroxyl group. 7.2 Classification and Nome