第一篇 章：Introduction 国际贸易实务.pptVIP

;CHAPTER 1 A Brief Introduction to International Trade;What is international trade?;International Trade and Foreign Trade; 国际贸易与对外贸易是一般与个别的关系。国际贸易是从国际范围考察的一种世界性的商品交换活动，是各国对外贸易的总和——因此，国际贸易又常常被称为“世界贸易（ World Trade ）”。;2. Benefits Acquisition ;Is International Trade Beneficial?;“兼相爱，交相利” -----墨子;西方关于贸易利益的论述及争议;宗教贸易观;前述观点都认为;Trade is a zero-game——Mercantilism;One of Representatives; “在一百年之内，该书一直是重商主义的福音书。因此，如果说重商主义有一部划时代 的著作，那么就是托马斯.孟的著作。”;Main Ideas Of Mercantilism;简而言之，重商主义认为;Trade Policy of Mercantilism; 自斯密开始，贸易互利成了国际贸易理论史上的主流观点，也成了自由贸易政策最有力的证据。;David Ricardo(1772-1823);“Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation”;自由贸易政策的初次尝试;李嘉图认为： 谷物价格上升会使地主地租收入上升，农业工人收入上升，同时生活费用上升，工厂工人工资上升，资本家的利润下降，导致资本积累减少。 所以李嘉图认为必须废除《谷物法》实行自由贸易。出口工业制成品，进口国外价格低廉的生活必需品，提高国内生活必需品的供给 ，使工资水平下降，利润水平提高，积累增加，社会财富增加。 1846年，英国议会通过废除《谷物法》的法令。;22$;Family Income;Best Cooperation in Family;The pattern of trade; According to Ricardo’s Rule, each country should specialize in and export the product in which it has a comparative advantage (各个国家应专业生产并出口那些他们具有比较优势的产品）;3. Other reasons;3) Satisfy a large domestic demand: A country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand, it may still import some from other countries for innovation or a variety of style. 4) Political reasons: One country might trade with another to support the latter’s government which upholds the political doctrine. ;The differences between international trade and domestic trade;Numerous culture differences have to be taken into account when trading with other nations. Control and communication systems are normally more complex for foreign than for domestic operations. Risks levels might be higher in foreign markets. The risks include political risks; commercial risks; financial risks and transportation risks.;The basic concepts in international trade;货物贸易 服务贸易;Leadin