6 数据类型.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1-* Pointers in C and C++ Extremely flexible but must be used with care Pointers can point at any variable regardless of when or where it was allocated Used for dynamic storage management and addressing Pointer arithmetic （指针算数） is possible Explicit dereferencing and address-of operators Domain type need not be fixed (void *) void * can point to any type and can be type checked (cannot be de-referenced) 1-* Pointer Arithmetic in C and C++ float stuff[100]; float *p; p = stuff; *(p+5) is equivalent to stuff[5] and p[5] *(p+i) is equivalent to stuff[i] and p[i] 1-* Reference Types C++ includes a special kind of pointer type called a reference type that is used primarily for formal parameters Advantages of both pass-by-reference and pass-by-value Java extends C++’s reference variables and allows them to replace pointers entirely References are references to objects, rather than being addresses C# includes both the references of Java and the pointers of C++ 1-* Evaluation of Pointers Dangling pointers and dangling objects are problems as is heap management Pointers are like gotos--they widen the range of cells that can be accessed by a variable Pointers or references are necessary for dynamic data structures--so we cant design a language without them 1-* Representations of Pointers Large computers use single values Intel microprocessors use segment and offset 1-* Dangling Pointer Problem Tombstone: extra heap cell that is a pointer to the heap-dynamic variable The actual pointer variable points only at tombstones When heap-dynamic variable de-allocated, tombstone remains but set to nil Costly in time and space . Locks-and-keys: Pointer values are represented as (key, address) pairs Heap-dynamic variables are represented as variable plus cell for integer lock value When heap-dynamic variable allocated, lock value is created and pl