化工安全第五章讲义下.ppt

* Step 2 involves obtaining the history of symptoms, exposure, job duties, exposure monitoring results and frequency of acute solvent intoxication episodes – usually manifested by headache, dizziness, trouble concentrating, numbness, or confusion. * Some of the more common solvent-related diseases include: Acute Intoxication Chemical Headache Chemical Hepatitis Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy Hematological Effects Renal Effects Reproductive Health Effects Toxic Peripheral Neuropathy - One of the most famous examples is that of Bill Bowerman –former University of Oregon track coach and co-founder of Nike who, developed n-Hexane related peripheral neuropathy from glues he used for making prototype running shoes. 第十节 防止职业毒害的技术措施（一） Prevention of Occupational Diseases 替代或排除有毒或高毒物料 Eliminate/Substitute Toxic Substances 在工业生产中，用无毒物料代替有毒物料，用低毒物料代替高毒或剧毒物料，是从根本上解决毒性物料对人体的危害，消除毒性物料危害的有效措施。如无苯涂料、无铅涂料、无汞仪表等 替代或排除有毒或高毒物料Eliminate/Substitute Toxic Substances 应用无苯稀料需注意以下两点： (1)要根据漆的种类来研究应用无苯稀料配方，不同漆类因树脂性质不同而难以通用。 (2)代替苯类的其化溶剂也并非无毒，使用无苯稀料时仍需注意通风排毒。 常用的无苯稀料配方(%) HAZARD CONTROL-SubstituteVery effective, especially for hazardous substance – Replace solvent by water solution – Use a chemical of higher LD50, PEL, – Use a biological agent of lower risk grouping – Replace Benzene with Toluene 第十节 防止职业毒害的技术措施（二） Prevention of Occupational Diseases 采用危害性小的工艺 Use less harmful processes 选择安全的危害性小的工艺代替危害性较大的工艺，也是防止毒物危害的带有根本性的措施。 HAZARD CONTROL-Eliminate HazardMost effective measure because the risk is eliminated – Choose different process – Modify an existing process by changing the energy type – Substitute vapor heating by electric heating – Modify or change equipment or tool – Use a non-sparking hammer in a flammable Atmosphere instead of a steel hammer – Use electronic control instead of pneumatic one （气动） – Lock out energy source – Remove a radiation source from common lab area to a proper store – Moving flammable solvents from common lab area into flammable cabinet in a solv