优秀400米自由泳运动员比赛配速特征的分析-analysis of match speed characteristics of elite 400m freestyle athletes.docxVIP

The Study on the Features of Swimming Pace of Outstanding 400m Freestyle Athletes in Competition【Abstract】Through the investigation of total and split times of 273 outstanding400m freestyle athletes in last 6 years, the author summarized 7 conclusions. (1) Speed distribution of “Even Pace” was adopted by most outstanding 400m freestyle athletes in competition. (2) The research method of 50 meters partition was more precise than 100 meters partition. (3) The relative speed of rank “A” swimmer was lower than “B” in the first 50m. From 50m to 350m, “The First Acceleration” was commonly phenomena, and the rank “A” was stronger than rank “B”. However, the speed fluctuation degree of former was stronger than latter. In the last 50m, the degree of acceleration of rank “B” was stronger than rank “A”. (4) A model of percentage distribution and a speed distribution table were presented for providing reference for coachers and athletes. (5) By referring to research consequence in track and field, the author suggested that the model of “49.5%~50.5%” speed distribution was reasonable.(6) The speed distribution plan of the domestic and foreign elite swimmers has the big difference. (7) Japan had played great attention to research the speed distribution plan of world elite swimmers in the competition and performed to use. So, after strictly carried out the plan they had obtained the huge success.【Keywords】400m Freestyle; Pace; Speed Distribution; Percentage Distribution1 前言1.1 问题的提出很久以来，中长距离游泳的比赛方案中，运动员有多种选择。比如，全速向 前游，然后极其艰难地支撑着游完后半段赛程；或者起始段与途中游段降低游速， 再作最后冲刺；或者全部赛程都简单地保持一个较为平稳的速度等等。但是，究 竟怎样才能取得最佳成绩，体育专业学者仍在进一步研究。上世纪 50 年代，生理学家辛德·罗宾逊就进行过田径中长跑项目最佳配速方案与最少耗能关系的研究。他曾要求一组运动员以每小时 13.9 英里的速度快跑。这些运动员在跑了 3 分 22 秒，完成 1245 米之后就感到极度疲劳。为克服这一现象，罗宾逊又要求运动员以每小时 13.5 英里的相对慢速跑 2 分 22 秒，然后以每小时 14.9 英里的高速跑 1 分钟。结果，运动员同样以 3 分 22 秒跑完 1245 米，却不再深感疲劳不堪。前一种跑的方案相当于快速起跑，由于快速起跑加速 了乳酸的生成，过量乳酸的产生造成疲劳过早出现。所以，运动员以这种配速方 案跑完赛程就会疲劳不堪。而后一种跑的方案则相当于中速起跑，即要求运动员 在前半程起跑后略低于平均速度，并在跑完全程三分之二的距离时再加速冲过终 点。所以，相对均匀的速度显然为一种很好的配速方