公民资格理论与战后英国社会政策转变.docxVIP

公民资格理论与战后英国社会政策转变【内容提要】1950年代英国社会学家T. H.马歇尔提出的公民资格理论，成为二战后英国建立普遍主义福利制度的重要依据。公民社会权利是公民资格理论的核心，它对战后英国社会政策的演变产生了重大影响。1970年代末英国保守党倡导的“消费者主义”，以“消费者取向”为原则，以避免个人对国家的依赖、回归个人自助和非正式的照顾为目的，从而否定了公民享有普遍福利的权利；新工党实行了新的公民权利体制，权利和义务的平衡是新工党价值观念的核心，也是贯穿福利国家改革的基本思路，它是对公民社会权利的重新界定。“公民资格”内涵的变化反映了人们对福利国家作用的重新认识以及对公民个体责任意识的强调。Citizenship theory which was put forward by the English sociologist T. H. Marshall in 1950s, is the vital foundation of the universal welfare system in Britain after the Second World War. Social rights of citizenship is the core of citizenship concept, and they have affected powerfully on social policies in Britain after war. This article ascends to the origin and changes of meaning of citizenship concept, and suggests that describing social security as a basic civil right is the highest form of citizenship development. Consumerism, initiated by the Conservative in the end of 1970s, bases on a consumer-oriented principle, whose purpose is to avoid individuals dependence on national assistance and return to selfhelp and informal care, denies the universal welfare rights that citizens enjoy. New Labor has carried out the new citizenship system, whose core is to make the balance of rights and duties and which is the basic thinking of welfare state reform and has again refined the concept of social rights. In fact, the changes of the meaning on citizenship also refines the role of welfare state and emphasizes the consciousness of citizens individual responsibility.【关 键 词】公民资格/社会权利/社会政策/T. H.马歇尔????Citizenship/social rights/social policies/T. H. MarshallEE73424UU1685953????[中图分类号]K561. 5　[文献标识码]A　[文章编号]0583-0214(2010)04-0069-08????公民资格(citizenship，或称公民权利)最初只是一个法学和政治学理论中使用的术语，它通常被看做衡量一个人是否作为国家共同体成员而存在的一种标志。但是，随着二战以后英国社会学家马歇尔公民社会权概念的提出，公民资格理论便与社会政策紧密结合起来，公民资格理论影响了政府社会政策的范围和内容，是现代政府处理国家和公民之间关系的重要准则。1980年代末以来，中西方一些学者重新反思了马歇尔的公民资格理论；马歇尔强调社会政策与公民社会权利的关系，他的这一思想引发了人们对公民资格问题的新思考。①本文从公民资格理论的内涵出发，分析当代英国社会公民资格观念变化与社会政策之间的关系，重点探讨战后英国公民社会权利的产生与演变，从而揭示20世纪后期英国 社会政策发生根本变化的思想根源和理论基础。????一