北京大学普通化学第五章.ppt

* Strong Acid ? Weak Base Titrations NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) At equivalence point (pH 7): HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4Cl (aq) H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4Cl (aq) * 3) 强碱与弱酸的中和反应 强碱与弱酸的反应，实际上是弱碱电离平衡的逆反应，反应平衡常数是弱碱电离常数的倒数。 强碱能和弱酸发生中和反应。弱酸酸性越强，中和反应平衡常数越大，反应也就越彻底。 OH? + HAc Ac? + H2O K = = = = 1.8 ? 109 [Ac?] [OH?][HAc] 1 Kb(Ac?) Ka(HAc) Kw * Weak Acid ? Strong Base Titrations CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) CH3COOH (aq) + OH? (aq) CH3COO? (aq) + H2O (l) CH3COO? (aq) + H2O (l) OH? (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) At equivalence point (pH 7): * 任何较强的共轭酸都能与位于其右下侧较强的共轭碱自发生成较弱的酸和较弱的碱。表中较强的共轭酸与较强的共轭碱的位置相距越远，置换反应就进行得越彻底。显然，平衡常数之比越大。 H2CO3 + SiO32? HSiO3? + HCO3? K = = = 2.2 ? 105 [HSiO3?][HCO3?][H3O+] [H2CO3][SiO32?][H3O+] KH2CO3 KHSiO3- * ● 中和反应的应用 —— 酸碱滴定法 OH? + HAc Ac? + H2O [Ac?] [OH?][HAc] K = Ka(HAc) Kw = 1.8 ? 109 = * Titrations In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually added to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point Slowly add base to unknown acid UNTIL The indicator changes color (pink) * * * * A commercially available automatic titrator. The stoichiometric point of the titration is detected by the sudden change in pH that occurs in its vicinity; the pH is monitored electronically. The pH curve can be plotted as the reaction proceeds, as shown on the monitor screen. * * * ● 中和反应后溶液酸度的计算方法 利用电离平衡计算即可。 1) 酸碱反应按H3O+和OH?等物质的量进行反应。 a) 强酸和强碱中和反应后，溶液呈中性。 b )强酸和弱碱反应，生成水和弱酸，按弱酸的电离平衡计算。 c) 强碱和弱酸反应，生成水和弱碱，按弱碱的电离平衡计算。 * 2) 酸碱反应物中弱酸(或弱碱)过量。 生成物为生成的弱酸(或弱碱)和剩余反应物的混合物，按前述同离子效应情况