英语语用学pragmatics.pptVIP

Definitions of Pragmatics Definition 1: Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. 语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究。 Definition 2: Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory. 语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语意理论的意义侧面的研究。 Definition 3: Pragmatics is the study of deixis ( at least in part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. 语用学是对指示（ 至少是其中的一部分）、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结构各个侧面的研究。 Definition 4: Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. ( Akmajian, 1979:267 ) 语用学是对语言的使用和语言交际进行的研究。 Pragmatics vs semantics Similarity:both are linguistic study of meaning. Difference:pragmatics takes context into consideration,while semantics does not consider it. context For example, “ It is cold in here.” from semantics, it simply expresses the semantic proposition of “the low temperature in a certain place”. They do not consider the following factors as “who speaks it to whom , when, where, why etc. In other words , they do not include context in the study of meanings From pragmatics “It is cold in here”, besides stating the temperature of a place, can be used by the speaker to ask the listener to do something, such as to close the window, turn on the heating or lending him a coat Sentence meaning vs.utterance meaning A sentence is a grammatical concept,sentence meaning is abstract, intrinsic and decontextulized, utterance meaning is concrete and context-dependent and is based on sentence meaning. The bag is heavy. Semantics analysis :BAG(BEING HEAVY) Pragmatics:1)telling the hearer the bag is heavy2)ask the hearer to help him carry the bag 3)declining someone’s request for help. Speech act theory---Austin’s model First theory: constatives（叙事话语）:statements that either state or describe and verifiable Performatives（行事话语）:were sentences that did not