凝聚态光物理学第二章.pptVIP

Classical propagation 2.1 Propagation of light in a dense optical medium 2.2 The dipole oscillator model 2.3 Dispersion 3.4 Optical anisotropy: birefringence 2 Chapter 2 Classical propagation Model: Light: electromagnetic wave Atom and molecule: classical dipole oscillator n(),  () Two propagation parameters: n,  2.1 Propagation of light in a dense optical medium Three types of oscillators: 1. bound electron (atomic) oscillator 2. vibrational oscillator; 3. free electron oscillators 2.1.1 Atomic oscillators 2.1 Propagation of light in a dense optical medium 2.1.1 Atomic oscillators If  = 0, resonant absorption (Beer’s law) h  = E2 - E1 re-radiated photon – luminesce radiationless transition If   0, non-resonant, transparent The oscillators follow the driving wave, but with a phase lag. The phase lag accumulates through the medium and retards the propagation of the wave front, leading to smaller velocity than in free space (v =c / n). -- the origin of n 2.1.2 Vibrational oscillators Classical model of a polar molecule (an ionic optical medium) Infrared spectral region In a crystalline solid form the condensation of polar molecules, these oscillations are associated with lattice vibrations (phonons). 2.1.3 Free electron oscillators Free electrons, Ks = 0, 0 = 0 Drude-Lorentz model 2.2 The dipole oscillator model 2.2.1 The Lorentz oscillator Light wave will drive oscillations at its own Frequency: Solution; The gives: With: The macroscopic polarization of medium P: The electric displacement D: 2.2 The dipole oscillator model 2.2.1 The Lorentz oscillator low frequency limit: high frequency: Thus Close to resonance: Frequency dependence of the real and imaginary Parts of the complex dielectric constant of a dipole At frequencies