Empirical Evidence on Law Enforcement：在执法的经验证据.pptVIP

Data Really not many sources Levitt and Venkatesh collect data in Chicago gangs We don’t know how externally valid these are Provide important insight into gangs Average Financing of Gangs How much money per sale? ‘‘back-of-the envelope’’ suggest these estimates are reasonable. Using these revenue figures and average dollars per sale of $10 the number of sales per hour by a drug-selling team ranges from five to twelve over the sample. That frequency of sale is consistent with self-reports of the participants as well as other observational data Expenditures nonwage costs: costs of drugs sold payments to higher levels of the gang Weapons payments to mercenary fighters funeral costs/ payments to families of the deceased The greatest nonwage expenditure of the gang was the regular tribute payment to higher levels of the gang. almost 20 percent of total revenues. Returns to Gang Membership the gang leader retains between $4,200 and $10,900 a month as profit, for an annual wage of $50,000–130,000 This value is well above what leaders could hope to earn in the legitimate sector given their education and work experience. otherwise would have been, The officers each earn roughly $1000 per month. These tasks are generally full-time jobs (in the sense that the people who perform them would be unlikely to be concurrently employed in the legitimate sector) Return to gang-membership - 2 Relatively low wages in the first few years In year four: wages shoot up. Why? On the job training? Increased promotion/weeding out Tournament Evidence of Gang Tournament Next Time Economics of Crime: The Costs side What happens if we increase the cost of crime? Increased Sentence Length Increase Probability of Detection Does response depend on type of crime? Does response depend on type of criminal? Long-term Labor Market Consequences Crime rates not just negative externality, but huge costs for individuals in terms of lost earnings Why? Signal of quality Depreciation of human capital Lo