药理学简史英文ppt.ppt

A Brief History of Pharmacology PROBLEM I have an earache SOLUTION 2000 BC- Here, eat this root 1000 AD- That root is heathen, say this prayer 1850 AD- That prayer is superstition, drink this potion 1940 AD- That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill 1985 AD- That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic 2000 AD- That antibiotic is artificial , here eat this root Introduction What is pharmacology? Pharmacology is the study of how drugs exert their effects on living systems. Pharmacologists work to identify drug targets in order to learn how drugs work. Pharmacologists also study the ways in which drugs are modified within organisms. What is a drug? Drugs can be defined as chemical agents that uniquely interact with specific target molecules in the body, thereby producing a biological effect Why do you need to know pharmacology? Percent of persons using at least one prescription drug in the past month: 45 (1999-2002) (National Center for Health Statistics) At age 18-45: 251 drugs per 100 population At age 45-65: 505 drugs per 100 population At age 65+ : 1047 drugs per 100 population The average patient seeking medical evaluation* was taking 3.5 prescription meds (this does not include OTC drugs) The average number of prescription written during a medical evaluation* was 2.1 (2.2 for ER visit). History of Pharmacology A history of pharmacology Ancient Times A series of scattered facts exists that speak of the early history of humankinds efforts to harness the healing properties of natural compounds. However, what we know for certain is that ancient peoples made extensive use of plant, animal and mineral sources for this purpose. “Medicinal Plants in a Middle Paleolithic Grave Shanidar IV” J. Ethanophramacology, 1992. J. Leitava reports the discovery of pollen from plants lacking both “aromatic or decorative potential” in the burial sites of Homo neanderthalensis dated to ~60,000 years ago. These six plants are the source of demonstrably therap