第六讲挤压构造.pptVIP

Compressional Tectonics FTB Geometry Thrusts have a ramp-flat geometry in cross section—a consequence of thrusts moving toward foreland through a well-stratified section of sedimentary rocks FTB Geometry Features of a Thrust Sheet Thrust Systems 1. Imbricate Fan-series of overlapping listric faults dipping in the same direction (e.g., southern Appalachians; Sevier FTB) Thrust-System Development Thrust Systems 2. Duplex-imbricate thrusts that branch from lower to upper detachment (e.g., central Appalachians) Thrust Systems(central Appalachians) Fault-Related Folds Thrust movement produces all types of folds Example of a fault-bend fold, Nova Scotia, with deformation in both footwall and hanging wall. Fault propagation fold. Arisaig, NS. Photo of the Rundle Thrust from web site of R. Allmendinger 冲起构造（pop-up）逆冲三角构造（triangle zone） 逆冲断层一般是自后陆向前陆方向逆冲的，但是也有些逆冲断层是向前陆方向倾斜、向后陆方向逆冲的，称为“反冲断层（back-thrust）” Reference net site http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/structure/faults/ * * 前陆盆地与褶皱－冲断带 Foreland basin and Fold-thrust belts Marshak, EARTH (Norton, 2005) Southern Appalachian Mountains Parks and Plates ?2005 Robert J. Lillie Thin and Thick-Skinned Flat Ramp Ramp anticline Footwall geometry (thrust sheet or hanging wall removed) Crow’s Nest Mt., Alberta (klippe) Sevier orogeny: 150-75 Ma Break-forward sequence (break-backward possible, but probably limited) Floor and roof thrusts Note the 2 duplexes: one in the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates, the other in the Devonian strata The roof thrust of the C-O duplex forms the floor thrust for the Devonian duplex Duplex Duplex Note repetition of strata! Ramp anticline Trishear folding Detachment folds Jura Mts., Switzerland Fault-bend folds Fault-propagation folds monoclines as drape folds Transfer Tear fault What drives a thrust belt?? Old timers thought that decollements beneath thrust belts dipped away from the elevated hinterland- and therefore gravity sliding was the main mechanism But now we know that decollements to thrus