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Development Developmental psychology the branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change occurring throughout life Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue Environment the influence of experience to which a child is exposed Heredity those influences based on genetic makeup of an individual that affect growth and development throughout life Nature-Nurture Issue the issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior Specific Research Strategies Cross-sectional research people of different ages are compared at the same point in time Longitudinal research investigates behavior as subjects age Cross-sequential research examine different age groups over several points in time The Start of Life: Conception and Beyond The Basics of genetics: Chromosomes contain the basic hereditary information Genes the parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted DNA The Earliest Stages of Development Germinal Period Zygote the new cell formed by the product of fertilization Embryonic Period Embryo a developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs The Earliest Stages of Development Critical Period the first of several stages in prenatal development in which specific kinds of growth must occur if the individual is to develop normally Fetal Period fetus a developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth The Earliest Stages of Development Age of Viability the point at which the fetus can survive if born prematurely Genetic Influences on the Fetus Phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot produce a required enzyme Sickle-cell anemia abnormal shape of red blood cells Tay-Sachs disease body’s inability to break down fat Down’s Syndrome extra chromosome Prenatal Environmental Influences Mother’s nutrition and emotional state Illness of mother Mother’s use of drugs Birth complications Physical and Social Development Neonate Reflexes unlearned, involuntary response that occur automatically in the pr