传染病学总论-5课件.pptVIP

* * 2.传染性 是传染病与其他感染性疾病的主要区别 Infectivity is the main distinction between the infectious diseases and other infection 可依据传染期隔离患者 “Infective period” can be used as a rule to isolate the patient 3.流行病学特征 流行性 endemic (sporadic, epidemic, pandemic epidemic outbreak) 季节性 seasonal distribution in time 地方性 regional distribution in space 外来性 exotic (e.g. cholera and yellow fever) 4. 感染后免疫 属特异性、主动、保护性免疫 specific, active, protective, can transfer to newborns through placenta 持续时间在不同传染病中有很大差异 lasting time varies with the diseases 持续时间短可出现再感染、重复感染 “concomitant immunity” (helminthiasis) 二、急性传染病的四期经过 潜伏期 incubation period 前驱期 prodromal period 症状明显期 period of apparent manifestation 恢复期 convalescent period 1.潜伏期 常态分布 normal distribution, as important evidence of observing, detecting the contact in quarantine work 随病原体的种类、数量、毒力与人体免疫力的强弱而定 related with invading quantity of pathogens, time of the toxin (bacterial food poisoning), wound location (rabies) 潜伏期短的传染病，流行时往往呈暴发 2. 前驱期 非特异性 nonspecific 为许多传染病所共有coexist in many infectious diseases 一般持续1～3天 usually persist one to three days, even miss (sudden onset) 3. 症状明显期 充分表现特有症状和体征 Special symptoms and signs presented enough, such as rashes, jaundice, heptomegaly, splenomegaly, meningeal irritation signs 为许多急性传染病所共有especially in some acute diseases — measles varicella 某些传染病可缺如，即顿挫型 abortive type — poliomyelitis, epidemic encephalitis 4.恢复期 机体免疫力增长至一定程度，体内病理生理过程基本终止 Immunity increases to a certain level， appetite and physical strength recovered 可残余病理改变（如伤寒）或生化改变（如病毒性肝炎），病原体尚未能被完全清除（如霍乱、痢疾）residual pathologic biochemical change, infectivity may persist (convalescent carrier) 可出现再燃、复发 recrudescence relapse, the symptoms repeatedly and fever rise again 三、常见的症状与体征 发热 fever：三个阶段、多种热型 皮疹 rash：时间、分布、次序、形状 毒血症状 toxemic symptoms 单核-吞噬细胞系统反应 MPS 第五节 传染病的诊断 传染病的诊断依据 临床资料 clinical data — 详尽的病史、细致的体检 流行病学资料 epidemiological data — 发病年龄、职业、季节、地区，集体发病史 — 预防接种史、过去史、家族史 实验室检查 laborato