The Digestive System - Winston-SalemForsyth County Schools：消化系统-温斯顿salemforsyth县学校.ppt

Introduction The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body. Introduction There are four stages to food processing: Ingestion: taking in food Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells Egestion: removing any leftover wastes The Human Digestive System Begins when food enters the mouth. It is physically broken down by the teeth. It is begun to be chemically broken down by amylase, an enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates. The Human Digestive System The tongue moves the food around until it forms a ball called a bolus. The bolus is passed to the pharynx (throat) and the epiglottis makes sure the bolus passes into the esophagus and not down the windpipe! The Human Digestive System The bolus passes down the esophagus by peristalsis. Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contractions that push the bolus down towards the stomach. The Human Digestive System To enter the stomach, the bolus must pass through the lower esophageal sphincter, a tight muscle that keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus. The Human Digestive System The stomach has folds called rugae and is a big muscular pouch which churns the bolus (Physical Digestion) and mixes it with gastric juice, a mixture of stomach acid, mucus and enzymes. The Human Digestive System The acid kills off any invading bacteria or viruses. The enzymes help break down proteins and lipids. Chemical Digestion. The mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being eaten away by the acid. The Human Digestive System The stomach does do some absorption too. Some medicines (i.e. aspirin), water and alcohol are all absorbed through the stomach. The digested bolus is now called chyme and it leaves the stomach by passing through the pyloric sphincter. The Human Digestive System Chyme is now in the small intestine. The majority of absorption occurs here. The liver and pancreas