chap高深的论题(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语).ppt

* * * * * * * * * 25 * 26 * 27 * 30 * * * 34 * 34 * 35 * * * 41 * * 44 * * * 54 * * * * * * * 57 * 58 * 58 * * * * * * 年轻时的消费 0 55,000 $110,000 $50,000 年老时的 消费 100,000 最优点 I3 I2 I1 预算约束线 图15. 消费—储蓄决策 Figure 16 An Increase in the Interest Rate 0 (a) Higher Interest Rate Raises Saving (b) Higher Interest Rate Lowers Saving Consumption when Old I1 I2 BC1 BC2 0 I1 I2 BC1 BC2 Consumption when Old Consumption when Young 1. A higher interest rate rotates the budget constraint outward . . . 1. A higher interest rate rotates the budget constraint outward . . . 2. . . . resulting in lower consumption when young and, thus, higher saving. 2. . . . resulting in higher consumption when young and, thus, lower saving. Consumption when Young 图16. 利率上升 0 年老时的消费 1. 更高的利率使预算约束线向外转动... I2 I1 BC2 BC1 2. …导致年轻时消费减少，因此储蓄多了。 年轻时的消费 年轻时 的消费 0 I2 I1 BC2 BC1 年老时的消费 1.更高的利率使预算约束线向外转动... 2. …导致年轻时消费增 加，因此储蓄少了。 (a) 高利率增加储蓄 (b) 高利率减少储蓄 How do interest rates affect household saving?利率如何影响家庭储蓄？ Thus, an increase in the interest rate could either encourage or discourage saving. 因此，利率上升既可能鼓励储蓄，也可能抑制储蓄。 Do the poor prefer to receive cash or in-kind transfers?穷人喜欢现金还是实物转移支付？ If an in-kind transfer of a good forces the recipient to consume more of the good than he would on his own, then the recipient prefers the cash transfer. 如果实物转移支付迫使领取者消费的物品量大于他自己决定的量，那么领取者就喜欢现金转移支付。 Do the poor prefer to receive cash or in-kind transfers?穷人喜欢现金还是实物转移支付？ If the recipient does not consume more of the good than he would on his own, then the cash and in-kind transfer have exactly the same effect on his consumption and welfare. 如果实物转移支付并没有迫使领取者消费的物品量大于自己决定时，那么，现金和实物转移支付对领取者的消费和福利影响相同。 Cash Transfer In-Kind Transfer (a) The Constraint Is Not Binding Nonfood Consumption 0 $1,000 $1,000 Food A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 (with $1,000 cash) Nonfood Consumption 0 Food A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 (with $1,000 food stamps) Cash versus In-Kind Transfers 现金转移支付 食物转移支付 (a) 约束不受限制 非食物消费 0 $1,000 $1,000 食物 A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 （有1000美元现金) 非食物消费 0 食物 A B