Antibiotics (anti-microbials)课件.ppt

Antibiotics (anti-microbials) Dr Gareth Noble (and Dr Sue Jordan) Introduction Kock Pasteur over a century Discovered ‘cause and effect’ Once found, needed an agent to be created to handle them Antibiotics = a natural substance produced by a micro-organism to kill another Antiinfectives/Anti-microbrial = any agent (natural or synthetic) that kills pathogens (microbes) Key: it needs to kill the microbial cell and not be toxic to normal healthy human cells Overview Antibiotics are a large and diverse group of drugs which combat infections by suppressing the growth and reproduction of bacteria. However, many bacteria are now resistant to antibiotics and some are resistant to all known agents. New drugs are continually being introduced to combat evolving patterns of resistance. Antibiotics exploit the differences between bacterial and human cells. They prevent the renewal of the bacterial cell wall and inhibit protein formation. Note: bacteria are gram negative or gram positive. Gram negative bacteria have a tough wall Classification Bacteriostatic (inhibit growth without death) or Bactericidial (Kill) Dosage related? Mechanism of action (see later) Spectrum of Activity: Broad or Narrow Chemical Structure Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal Bacteriostatic allows for natural immunity to deal with the microbe Antibodies, Phagocytosis etc Bactericidial may lead to release of toxins and microbial contents leading to subsequent illness and inflammatory responses. Spectrum of Activity Relates to the number of microbes that are susceptible to the action of the drug Narrow (limited number) / Broad (wide) Penicillin G is a narrow spectrum drug as it is only effective against gram-positive microbe Tetracyclines are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes (Broad) Note: Never confusion these terms with potency levels of the drugs or efficacy (ie. Narrow are weak, Broad are strong) Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Most bacteria possess a cell wall to