石油论文汉译英.docVIP

SPE?120630 Water?Issues?Relating?to?Heavy?Oil?Production J.A.?Veil,?SPE,?and?J.J.?Quinn,?Argonne?National?Laboratory,?and?J.P.?Garcia,?U.S.?Department?of?Energy, National?Energy?Technology?Laboratory This??paper??was??prepared??for??presentation??at??the??2009??SPE??Americas??EP??Environmental????Safety??Conference??held??in??San??Antonio,??Texas,??USA,??23–25??March??2009. This??paper??was??selected??for??presentation??by??an??SPE??program??committee??following??review??of??information??contained??in??an??abstract??submitted??by??the??author(s).??Contents??of??the??paper??have??not??been reviewed??by??the??Society??of??Petroleum??Engineers??and??are??subject??to??correction??by??the??author(s).??The??material??does??not??necessarily??reflect??any??position??of??the??Society??of??Petroleum??Engineers,??its officers,??or??members.??Electronic??reproduction,??distribution,??or??storage??of??any??part??of??this??paper??without??the??written??consent??of??the??Society??of??Petroleum??Engineers??is??prohibited.??Permission??to reproduce??in??print??is??restricted??to??an??abstract??of??not??more??than??300??words;??illustrations??may??not??be??copied.??The??abstract??must??contain??conspicuous??acknowledgment??of??SPE??copyright. Abstract Crude?oil?occurs?in?many?different?forms?throughout?the?world.???An?important?characteristic?of?crude?oil?that?affects?the?ease at??which??it??can?be?produced??is??its??density??and??viscosity.???Lighter??crude?oil??typically??can?be?produced??more??easily??and??at??a lower?cost?than?heavier?crude?oil.??Historically,?much?of?the?world’s?oil?supply?came?from?light?or?medium?crude?oil?sources. Oil?and?gas?companies?are?actively?looking?toward?heavier?crude?oil?sources?to?help?meet?demands?and?to?take?advantage?of large?heavy?oil?reserves?located?in?many?countries.?Heavy?oil?includes?very?viscous?oil?resources?like?those?found?in?some fields?in?California?and?Venezuela?and?oil?(or?tar)?sands.??In?this?paper,?oil?shale?is?also?considered?a