4.1关节学总论PPT.ppt

Arthrology 关节学 山东大学医学院 解剖学教研室 Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint. 一Continuous joints 直接连结 1.Fibrous joints 纤维连结: bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝 2.Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilage Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合: bones are united by hyaline cartilage Symphysis 纤维软骨联合: bones are united by fibrocartilage 3.Synosteosis 骨性结合 二Discontinuous joints 间接连结－synovial joints 滑膜关节 Synovial joints 滑膜关节 1.Basic structures ⑴Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨 ⑵Articular capsule 关节囊 Fibrous membrane纤维膜 Synovial membrane 滑膜 ⑶Articular cavity关节腔: containing synovial fluid; negative pressure in it 2.Accessory structures ⑴Ligaments韧带(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带 ⑵Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum 关节唇: ⑶Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊 Terms movements of joints Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸 在足部屈称为跖屈, 伸称为背屈 Rotation 旋转 Medial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外 Pronation and supination旋前和旋后:在前臂旋内称为旋前，旋外称为旋后 Circumduction 环转 Classification of synovial joints关节的分类 Uniaxial joints单轴关节: hinge joints 屈戍关节 trochoid (pivot) joints车轴关节 Biaxial joints双轴关节: ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节 saddle joints 鞍状关节 Multiaxial joints多轴关节: ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节 plane joints 平面关节 Articulations of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结 ㈠ The vertebral column脊柱 Composition:consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结 ⑴Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: ①Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, gelatinous胶状的, highly elastic structure ②Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage纤维软骨 Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出 ⑵Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带 ①Position:Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2 ②func