物理化学（共计3部分，共计611页）_部分3.pptx

1;The basic concepts 2.1 Work, heat, and energy 2.2 The First Law Work and heat 2.3 Expansion work 2.4 Heat transactions 2.5 Enthalpy 2.6 Adiabatic changes Thermochemistry 2.7 Standard enthalpy changes 2.8 Standard enthalpies of formation 2.9 The temperature dependence of reaction enthalpies ;Example ;Example ;Answer: In (a) the volume cannot change, so no work is done and w = 0. In (b) the gas drives back the atmosphere and therefore w =-pex ΔV. If neglect the initial volume, ΔV = Vf – Vi ? Vf = nRT/ pex, where n is the amount of H2 produced. ;Because 1 mol H2 is generated when 1 mol Fe is consumed;Example;Method: The starting point for the calculation is the relation between the enthalpy of a substance and its internal energy. The difference between the two quantities can be expressed in terms of the pressure and the difference of their molar volumes calculated by ρ=M/Vm. ;Answer: The change in enthalpy when the transfor- mation occurs is;For the volume of 1.0 mol CaCO3 (100 g) and ρ=M/Vm:;Water is heated to boiling under a pressure of 1.0 atm. When an electric current of 0.50 A from a 12V supply is passed for 300 s through a resistance in thermal contact with it, it is found that 0.798 g of water is vaporized. Calculate the molar internal energy and enthalpy changes at the boiling point (373.15 K).;Method: Because the vaporization occurs at constant pressure, the enthalpy change is equal to the heat supplied by the heater. Therefore, calculate the heat supplied and express that as an enthalpy change; then convert the result to a molar enthalpy change by division by the amount of H2O molecules vaporized. To convert from enthalpy change to internal energy change, we assume that the vapour is a perfect gas.;Answer: The enthalpy change is;;This reaction can be recreated from the following sum;The standard reaction enthalpy of 2HN3(l) + 2NO(g) ?H2O2,(l) + 4N2(g) is calculated as follows: ;Example;Example;Ex