初中英语语法专--被动语态.docx

被动语态一、语态概述英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese?is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：am／is／are＋spoken 一般过去时：was／were＋spoken一般将来时：will／shall be＋spoken 现在进行时： is am／／are being＋spoken现在完成时：have／has been＋spoken过去完成时：had been + spoken三、被动语态的用法?(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.　一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。?(2)强调动 作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：.0 was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法?(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。?(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him.五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由情态动词＋be＋过去分词构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后to仍要保留。We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once. It should be done at once. 被动语态八注意 1．我们知道，主动语态变为被动语态时，通常将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语变为由介词by引导的宾语；谓语动词变为被动语态“be +过去分词”形式，例如：Everyone likes the interesting film. (主动语态) → The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被动语态) They used knives to cut things. (主动语态) → Knives were used to cut things. (被动语态) 但是，并非所有由“be +过去分词”构成的形式就是被动语态。有时过去分词已经变为形容词，表示一种状态。试比较：My brother is very interested in English. 我哥哥对英语非常感兴趣。（状态）My brother was interested by what I told him. 我告诉他的话让我哥哥非常感兴趣。（动态）2．在被动语态中谓语动词一定是及物动词，也就是说必须跟宾语的动词。如：We can make metals into different shapes. (主动语态) → Metals can be made into different shapes. (被动语态) 在主动语态中make是及物动词，其动作的承受者即宾语是metals。 但是，并非所有的及物动词都有被动语态。比如，表示静态的动词（have、belong to）、宾语是反身代词或相互代词等。例如： He has a nice house.