allorganicchemrxn-高考必背.docVIP

Substitution Reactions Free radical Nucleophilic substitution at alkyl carbon Conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides 2.Conversion of haloalkanes into alcohols 3.The Williamson synthesis of ethers 4.Reaction of alkyl halides with cyanide RX + CN- ? RCN 5.Reaction of alkyl halides with ammonia and amines c.Electrophilic aromatic substitution Nitration ArH + HNO3/H2SO4 ? ArNO2 Sulfonation ArH + H2SO4/SO3 ? ArSO3H Halogenation ArH + X2/Fe ? ArX Friedel-Crafts alkylation ArH + RX/AlCl3 ? ArR Azo compound formation Friedel-Crafts acylation ArH + RCOCl/AlCl3 ? ArCOR b. Nucleophilic substitution at acyl carbon acid chlorides formation from carboxylic acids ester formation from acid chlorides amide formation from acid chlorides ketone formation from acid chlorides anhydride formation from acid chlorides Transesterification c.Nucleophilic aromatic substitution - diazonium salts The Sandmeyer reaction The Gattermann reaction Introduction of F Introduction of I Introduction of CN Introduction of OH Introduction of H 2.Addition Reactions Ionic electrophilic addition reactions 1.Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes 2.Markovnikov addition of HX to alkenes and alkynes 3.Addition of halogen to alkenes and alkynes 4.Markovnikov addition of HX to alkenes and alkynes 5.Addition of halogen to alkenes and alkynes 6.Hydration of alkenes 7.Halohydrin formation 8.Hydroxylation of alkenes 9.Ozonolysis b.Free radical electrophilic addition to alkenes Polymerization Addition of HBr to alkenes in the presence of peroxides c.Nucleophilic addition to aldehydes and ketones (and carbon dioxide) Addition of cyanide Addition of ammonia derivatives - imine formation Addition of alcohols to aldehydes - acetal formation Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones 3.Elimination reactions Dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes Dehydration of alcohols Dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides ? 4.Substitution, elimination, addition Keto-enol tautomerism **due to