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1 Linear Precoding with Low-Resolution DACs for Massive MU-MIMO-OFDM Downlink Sven Jacobsson Student Member, IEEE, Giuseppe Durisi Senior Member, IEEE, Mikael Coldrey Member, IEEE , and Christoph Studer Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—We consider the downlink of a massive multiuser i.e., analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in which converters (DACs), are foreseen to be among the most dominant the base station (BS) is equipped with low-resolution digital- sources of power consumption in massive MU-MIMO systems. 7 to-analog converters (DACs). As opposed to recent results for In today’s state-of-the-art MIMO systems, a pair of high- 1 such BS architectures, we assume that the system operates over 0 a frequency-selective wideband channel and uses orthogonal resolution DACs (e.g., with 10 bit precision) is used to generate 2 frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to simplify equalization the transmitted baseband signal at each antenna element at at the user equipments (UEs). Furthermore, we consider the the BS. Scaling such architectures to massive MU-MIMO p practically relevant case of oversampling DACs. We analyze systems in which the number of antennas at the BS could be e the uncoded bit error rate (BER) performance with linear S precoders (e.g., zero forcing) and quadrature phase-shift keying in the order of hundreds would lead to excessively high power 4 using Bussgang’s theorem.