2010数值方法第二讲.doc

第二讲 数值方法简介 数值方法的意义 数值方法就是研究运用计算机求解科学问题和实际问题的计算方法及其计算机实验，因此也称数值计算或数值分析，它是现代科学基础的重要组成部分，几乎所有的数值计算都采用浮点算术计算，几乎每台计算机均采用实现IEEE二进制浮点标准，该标准是计算科学家与工业界密切合作的最重要成果之一，然而该标准出版多年后，IEEE标准的关键思想却很少被学生和计算机从业人员了解，也许是没有合适的易于接受的该标准的详细讨论的资料的原因，因此，本课程首先花些时间细致介绍，主要针对数学和计算科学的学生，作为对传统《计算方法》、《数值计算》、《数值分析》、《计算机结构》的补充内容，当然对其它理工各专业大学生也不无益处。IEEE标准的论题包括Intel微处理器的浮点结构体系、支持该标准的编程语言的讨论和一些关键的概念诸如制约性、稳定性、相约性等的引入。这些内容包含了许多有趣的知识，对计算机和数学有兴趣的所有读者都是完全可以接受的，仅仅需要知道微积分和编程的一些基本知识，可能与传统的讲授方式略有不同。为了认识计算的意义，请读者看看下面的一些名言： Accurate reckoning: the entrance into knowledge of all existing things and all obscure secrets. --------A’KMOSE, The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, c. 1650 B.C. I am a HAL Nine Thousand computer Production Number 3. I became operational at the Hal Plant in Urbana, Illinois, on January 12,1997. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The rain in Spain is mainly in the plain. Dave----are you still there? Did you know that the square root of 10 is 3.162277660168379? Log 10 to the base e is 0.434294481903252… Correction, that is loge to the base 10. The reciprocal of 3 is 0.333333333333333333333333333… 2 times 2 is … 2 times 2 is … approximately 4.1010101010101010101010… I seem to be having difficulty… -------HAL, in 2001: A Space Odyssey Numerical precision is the very soul of science. -SIR D’ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON,On Growth and Form(1942) There will always be a small but steady demand for error-analysts to… Expose bad algorithms’ big errors and ,more important, Supplant bad algorithms with provably good ones. --William M. KAHAN, Interval Arithmetic Options in the Proposed IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic Standard(1980) Since none of the numbers which we take out from logarithmic and Trigonometric tables admit of absolute precision, But are all to a certain extent approximate only, The results of all calculations performed By the aid of these numbers can only be ap