武汉理工材料概论小抄(俺一个字一个字敲上去的).docVIP

Definition 材料的定义The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles, having a submicroscopic size. Atomic structure and the nature of bonds(原子结构和化学键) —metals and their alloys (metallic bonding 金属键) —organic polymers 有机聚合物(covalent bonding and secondary bonding 共价键和二次键) —ceramics (ionic bonding and covalent bonding) Mechanical properties：力学性能 Which reflect the behavior of materials, deformed by a set of forces （概念） Four basic types of stresses : tensile, compressive, shear ,torsion (拉力，压力，剪切力，扭转力)Physical properties:物理性能the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light. 电性能Electric properties磁性能Magnetic properties热性能Thermal properties 光性能Optical propertiesChemical properties:化学性能 Which characterize the behavior of material in a reactive environment. （概念） The four basic aspects of materials science and technology are: manufacturing processing, structure, properties and performances 结构－性能－工艺之间的关系： First, the processing of a material affects the structure, second the original structure and properties determine how we can process the material to produce a desired shape 一、METAL:（金属） 1、金属最显著的特性：good conductors of heat and electricity (热导性，电导性) 2、性能:are opaque to visible light; are hard, rigid; can undergo plastic deformation; have a high melting temperature 3、金属的晶体点阵： crystal structure（晶体结构） : body-centered cubic structure , face-centered cubic structure , hexagonal close-packed structure（体型、面型，六角形放射状） 4、properties of alloys（合金的性能） :(more carbon ,more brittle.) have relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities; good energy absorption characteristics ;nonmagnetic properties 5、铸铁概念：cast iron, essentially an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, is composed of iron and from 2 to 6.67 percent carbon, plus manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus, and shaped by being cast in a mold. 6、The types and properties of cast iron ； white cast iron( hard , brittle ) , gray cast iron (brittle ,withstand