A First Look at Empirical Testing Creating a Valid Research …先看看创建一个有效的实证检验的研究….pptVIP

下载本文档

3
0
约1.36万字
约 40页
2018-06-18 发布于福建
举报
版权申诉

A First Look at Empirical Testing Creating a Valid Research …先看看创建一个有效的实证检验的研究….ppt

1、原创力文档（book118）网站文档一经付费（服务费），不意味着购买了该文档的版权，仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用，不得用于商业用途，未经授权，严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等，侵权必究。。
2、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费，意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险，本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务；查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档，您可以点击这里二次下载。
3、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等，请点击“版权申诉”（推荐），也可以打举报电话：400-050-0827(电话支持时间：9:00-18:30)。
4、该文档为VIP文档，如果想要下载，成为VIP会员后，下载免费。
5、成为VIP后，下载本文档将扣除1次下载权益。下载后，不支持退款、换文档。如有疑问请联系我们。
6、成为VIP后，您将拥有八大权益，权益包括：VIP文档下载权益、阅读免打扰、文档格式转换、高级专利检索、专属身份标志、高级客服、多端互通、版权登记。
7、VIP文档为合作方或网友上传，每下载1次，网站将根据用户上传文档的质量评分、类型等，对文档贡献者给予高额补贴、流量扶持。如果你也想贡献VIP文档。上传文档

A First Look at Empirical Testing Creating a Valid Research …先看看创建一个有效的实证检验的研究…

Formula for the t-test: Formula for the t-test: (continued) “X bar” is the average unemployment rate among the dropouts. “Mu” is the unemployment rate in the general labor force. “s” is the standard deviation of the unemployment rate among the dropouts. “Square root n” is the square root of the sample size of the data set. Formula for the t-test: (continued) The null in this example is that the mean unemployment rate among the dropouts is NOT significantly different from that of the labor force in general. What we have to do in here is to calculate the t-statistic by using the abovementioned formula. And then, we compare the estimated t with the critical t value for a certain level of statistical significance (1%, 5%). Formula for the t-test: (continued) If the calculated t value is greater than the critical t value, then we should reject the null. Which means that the probability of the sample mean being the same as the default mean is LOW. The P-Value: This is an alternative approach to performing t-tests. The p-value is the exact or the observed level of significance. If the observed probability is smaller than the level of significance, the null should be rejected. Confounding of explanatory variables: We have mentioned that we face 3 major problems during the data analysis. The second one was the fact that relationships between 2 variables can be concealed by the effects of other variables. This problem is called the confounding of explanatory variables. It affects both causal empiricism and t-tests. Let us give an example. Confounding of explanatory variables: (continued) Now, assume that C is affected by another variable, interest rates (i). The equation for C becomes: C = b1Y + b2i + e Now, suppose that interest rates noticeably decreased, while income did not. Remember that we had Y in the horizontal axis and C in the vertical axis. So, the decrease in i would lead to a shift in the C function, rather than a movement along the function. Confounding of