地下水水文学(麻理工讲义).docx

1.72, Groundwater Hydrology Prof. Charles Harvey Lecture Packet #1: Course Introduction（课程简介）, Water Balance Equation(水量平衡)Hydrologic cycle with yearly flow volumes based on annual surface precipitation on earth, ~119,000 km3/year. 3000 BC – Ecclesiastes传道书1:7 (Solomon)“All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto（直到） the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.” Greek Philosophers (Plato, Aristotle柏拉图，亚里士多德) embraced the concept（接受这个概念）, but mechanisms were not understood. 17th Century – Pierre Perrault showed that rainfall（降雨） was sufficient to explain flow of the Seine. Latitude The Earth’s Energy (Radiation) Cycle: Spatial distribution of energy and temperature drives circulation – both global and local: Coupled Earth Cycles Estimates from river outflows indicate 17 x 109 Tons/Year of material is transported into the Ocean. Another 2 or 3 x 109 Tons/Year is trapped in reservoirs. 80% of material transported is particulate 20% is dissolved 0.05 mm/yr (may have been accelerated by man, and actual rates may be much larger) Local rates depend on relief, precipitation, and rock type. Glaciers Fresh Water Atmosphere Oceans Relative volumes of water in glaciers, fresh water, atmosphere and oceans. Estimate of the World Water Balance Parameter Surface area (km2) X 106 Volume (km3) X 106 Volume % Equivalent depth (m) Residence Time Oceans and seas 361 1370 94 2500 ~4000 years Lakes and reservoirs 水库1.55 0.13 0.01 0.25 ~10 years Swamps 湿地0.1 0.01 0.01 0.007 1-10 years River channels 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.003 ~2 weeks Soil moisture 土壤湿度130 0.07 0.01 0.13 2 weeks – 1 year Groundwater 130 60 4 120 2 weeks – 10,000 years Icecaps冰盖 and glaciers 冰川17.8 30 2 60 10-1000 years Atmospheric water 504 0.01 0.01 0.025 ~10 days Biospheric water 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.001 ~1 week Amazon is 6,000 km3/yr (~5x more than Zaire-Congo) 0.0003% is potable and available. What are water needs for humans? Primitive conditions – 3 to 5 gallons/day Urban use – 150 gallons