Expert MedicoScientific Evidence before Trbunals Council of 专家的医学科学证据在法庭理事会.docVIP

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Expert MedicoScientific Evidence before Trbunals Council of 专家的医学科学证据在法庭理事会.doc

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Expert MedicoScientific Evidence before Trbunals Council of 专家的医学科学证据在法庭理事会

Expert Medico-Scientific Evidence before Tribunals: Approaches to Proof, Expertise and Conflicting Opinions. Randall Kune Professor Gabriel Kune TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF PROOF 2 A. Legal principles of proof 2 B. Scientific Concept of Proof of Cancer Cause 4 III. WHO ARE THE EXPERTS? 7 A. Who are the experts in cancer causation? 7 1. Who are the experts required to prove the general case of cancer causality? 7 2. Expert evidence required for the specific case 8 B. Rules of expert evidence in tribunals 8 1. The expertise rule 9 2. The basis rule 11 IV. PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING EXPERT OPINIONS 12 V. DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL SCIENCE 15 VI. CONCLUSIONS 17 APPENDIX 19 I. INTRODUCTION In performing their function as decision-makers, tribunals can be faced with the question: what caused an injury, illness or disease? Medical-science provides a framework to assess the validity and weight of such claims. We will set out this framework and we hope that in making the framework explicit, we will ease some of the difficulties often expressed by decision-makers when faced with expert medico-scientific evidence. We take as our starting point the contrasting approaches to proof taken on the one hand by medical science, and on the other, by legal or administrative decision-makers. When do they consider that something is “proven”? We will outline the principles of medico-scientific proof using cancer causation as a model. Decision-makers who consider issues illness or disease causation will need to rely on expert medico-scientific opinions, even if it is their own. We will identify the relevant experts in cancer causation. We will then explain a number of principles from the rules of expert evidence as well as some recent procedural reforms in various courts which could greatly assist a tribunal to reach a correct decision efficiently and fairly. These principles would be particularly important if two opposing experts give conflicting o