哲学科学哲学Ch5库恩ppt模版课件.pptVIP

Ch5、库恩 一、Kuhn 著作： The Copernican Revolution (1957) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) (1962) The Essential Tension (1977) The Black-body Problem and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912 (1979,1984) Steven Weinberg: “What does bother…on rereading Structure and some of Kuhn’s later writings is his radically sceptical conclusions (sic.) about what is accomplished in the work of science. And it is just these conclusions that have made Kuhn a hero to the philosophers, historians, sociologists and cultural critics who question the objective character of scientific knowledge, who prefer to describe scientific theories as social constructions, not so different from democracy or baseball.” ‘Kuhn’s view of scientific progress would leave us with a mystery. Why does anyone bother? If one scientific theory is only better than another in its ability to solve problems that happen to be on our minds today, then why not save ourselves a lot of trouble by putting these problems out of our minds? We don’t study elementary particles because they are intrinsically interesting like people -- if you’ve seen one electron you’ve seen them all. What drives us onward in the work of science is precisely the sense that there are truths out there to be discovered, truths that once discovered will form a permanent part of human knowledge’ 二、科学史和科学哲学 Kuhn的科学史“case studies”意在说明一般采取的关于科学变化的理解是根本错误的。 科学史的角色？ the very influential contemporary distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification … Having been weaned intellectually on these distinctions…, I could scarcely be more aware of their import and force… . Yet my attempts to apply them…to the actual situations in which knowledge is gained, accepted and assimilated have made them seem extraordinarily problematic. Rather than being elementary logical or methodological distinctions, they now seem integral parts of a traditional set of substantive answers to the very questions upon which they have been deplo