计算机组织结构chap13-14.ppt

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) 提高计算机性能的过程 单处理机用各种方法提高性能 一台计算机里用多个处理机提高性能 用许多计算机(包括处理机,存储器)互连成大型计算机系统来提高性能 Major Advances in Computers(1) 单处理机 Solid State RAM (半导体存储器) Cache memory Pipelining: 取指(第2条)和执行(第1条)并行做 超标量处理机: 多条流水线 RISC机器: 减少指令数量, 提高常用成分的速度 其他进步: Microprocessors Microporgrammed control unit Family concept: IBM System/360, 80x86-Pentium Major Advances in Computers(2) 多处理机 Multiple processors: 服务器 multicore processors: 多核机 Array processor: vector processing (18.7) Major Advances in Computers(3) 多计算机系统 巨型机: 一台巨型机中有许多处理机 分布式系统：许多计算机通过网络连接, 合作完成一任务 机群系统 — cluster (18.5) 一组完整的计算机互连，它们作为一个统一的计算机资源一起工作, 并能产生一台机器的印象 (常用作server) Another idea - RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer Key features Large number of general purpose registers Limited and simple instruction set Emphasis on optimising the instruction pipeline Comparison of processors Semantic gap Intention of CISC 增加复杂的指令, Support more complex HLLs Ease compiler writing Improve execution efficiency – hardware support Complex operations in microcode Driving force for RISC Look for a different approach Make architecture simpler Improve execution efficiency by optimising statements most often used Investigate the aspects of computations. Execution Characteristics Operations performed Operands used Execution sequencing Studies have been done based on programs written in HLLs Dynamic studies are measured during the execution of the program Relative Dynamic Frequency Dynamic Machine Instruction Memory Reference Occurrence (Weighted) (Weighted) Pascal C Pascal C Pascal C Assign 45% 38% 13% 13 14% 15 Loop 5% 3% 42 32 33 26 Call 15% 12% 31 33 44 45 If 29% 43% 11 21 7 13 GoTo - 3% - - - - Other 6% 1% 3 1 2 1 Operations Assignments Read and write memory Conditional statements (IF, LOOP) Lead to many machine instructions Procedure call-return is very time consuming Change locality (引用不