精品获得性免疫接种的方式课件.ppt

获得性免疫接种的方式 那些方式应用于那些情况 不同方式免疫接种的优缺点 免疫接种的风险和益处 ;IMMUNIZATION?;;百日咳;;Edward Jenner;患天花的小儿 （Infant with smallpox）? ;患脊髓灰质炎的儿童 （Child with polio sequelae WHO）;Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ; 需要增加现行疫苗的安全性和有效性，还需寻找低成本的途径，使其有效的应用, 尤其是发展中的国家。WHO估算，大约有20%-30%的儿童死于能够用现行的疫苗预防的疾病。;免疫接种 IMMUNIZATION?;免疫Immunity;Acquisition of passive and active immunity;1. Diphtheria 白喉 2. Pertussis 百日咳 3 .Tetanus 破伤风 4. mohilus 流感 5. Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎 6. Mumps 流行性腮腺炎 7. Measles 麻疹 8. Rubella 风疹;免疫接种的里程碑 Milestones in immunization;Emial von Behring and Hidesaburo Kitasato were the first to show that immunity elicited in one animal can be transferred to another by injecting it with serum from the first.;18-1 被动免疫（ Passive Immunity）;I 天然被动免疫:;急性感染 (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, rabies, etc.), 中毒 (insects, reptiles, botulism), 预防措施 (hypogammaglobulinemia). ;Artificially acquired passive immunity;马血清抗毒素的两重性：;1. 免疫缺陷 （Deficiency） ：先天或后天B细胞缺陷导致的抗体合成障碍或合并其他免疫缺陷。 2. 易感人群接触或可能接触某种疾病，而时间不允许主动免疫产生足够的保护作用。 3. 疾病已经存在，抗体起改善和帮助抑制毒素作用，如破伤风。;Disease Agent;!;Advantages and Disadvantages of Passive Immunization;18-2 Active Immunity;Exposure to different pathogens leads to sub-clinical or clinical infections which result in a protective immune response against these pathogens.; 用于主动免疫的疫苗（ Vaccines ）包括活的 ( 减毒attenuated ) 微生物, 杀死的微生物, 微生物的成分， 分泌的毒素（ toxins ）( 脱毒的毒素detoxified ).?; 抗原 (Ag);免疫记忆 Immunologic memory;days;多价抗原 ;多价抗原 ;多价抗原 ;VACCINES: PAST SUCCESSES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS;Comparison of attenuated (live) and inactivated (killed) vaccines;微生物片段疫苗 （Microbial Fragment Vaccines）; 毒素 ;Comparison of maximum and current morbidity for vaccine-preventable diseases?;0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000000 ;天花病毒 Smallpox virus;The last known person in the world to have smallpox of any kind. Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia;1) 没有动物感染源和病毒储存的场所 2) 终生免疫 3) 亚临床症状极少