医学英语 老年痴呆.doc

Unit 2 Human Growth and Development Human growth and development is a process that begins at birth and doesn’t end until death. During all stages of growth and development, individuals have different needs that must be met. And as aging occurs, certain physical, psychological, and even social changes also occur in all individuals. Some individuals can learn to adapt to and cope with the changes, but others experiences extreme frustration and mental distress. It is important for the health care workers to be aware of the various life stages in order to provide quality health care. Text A Confusion and Disorientation in the Elderly Although most elderly individuals remain mentally alert until death, some experience of confusion and disorientation. Signs of confusion or disorientation include talking incoherently, not knowing their own names, not recognizing others, wandering aimlessly, lacking awareness of time or place, displaying hostile and combative behavior, hallucinating, regressing in behavior, pay less intention to personal hygiene, and being unable to respond to simple commands or follow instructions. Confusion and disorientation is sometimes a temporary condition. Stress and/or depression due to physical and psychological changes is one possible cause. Use of alcohol or chemicals is another. Kidney disease, which interferes with1 electrolyte balance; respiratory disease, which decreases oxygen; or liver disease, which interferes with metabolism, are other causes. Elderly individuals are also more sensitive to medications, and drugs can sometimes accumulate in the body and cause confusion and disorientation. Even poor nutrition or lack of fluid intake can interfere with mental ability. Frequently, identification and treatment of any of these conditions decreases and even eliminates the confusion and disorientation. Foe example, changing a medication or giving it in smaller does may restore normal function. Disease and/or damage to the brain can sometimes re