【精品】抗原是能够刺激机体免疫系统产生特异性免疫应答.ppt

Section 2 Antigen;1 Concept of Antigen;An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation. We now know that the immune system does not only consist of antibodies. The modern definition encompasses all substances that can be recognized by the adaptive immune system.;Tolerogen - An antigen that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen. ;Allergen - An allergen is a substance that causes the allergic reaction. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection or contact with skin. ;Antigens can be classified in order of their origins;Endogenous antigens Endogenous antigens are antigens that have been generated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism, or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection. ;Autoantigens An autoantigen is usually a normal protein or complex of proteins (and sometimes DNA or RNA) that is recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from a specific autoimmune disease. ; These antigens should under normal conditions not be the target of the immune system, but due to mainly genetic and environmental factors the normal immunological tolerance for such an antigen has been lost in these patients.;Tumor antigens Tumor antigens are those antigens that are presented by the MHC I molecules on the surface of tumor cells. These antigens can sometimes be presented only by tumor cells and never by the normal ones. In this case, they are called tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and typically result from a tumor specific mutation. ;2 Characteristics of Antigen;★ Antigenicity 抗原性（反应原性） The ability to bind antibody. ? Complete antigen 完全抗原 ? Incomplete antigen, also known as hapten 不完全抗原，或半抗原; Incomplete antigens have antigenic determinants, but cannot induce immune responses bec