上呼吸道感染药物治疗课件.ppt

Chapter 35Lecture 11 Drugs for Common Upper Respiratory Infections Respiratory Tract Upper respiratory tract includes: nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Lower respiratory tract includes: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and alveolar-capillary membrane Air enters the upper resp. tract travels to the lower tract where gas exchange takes place Respiratory Tract Respiration = the process whereby gas exchange occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane. 3 phases: 1. Ventilation - movement of air from the atmosphere through the upper lower airways to the alveoli 2. Perfusion - blood from the pulmonary circulation is adequate at the alveolar-capillary bed 3. Diffusion - molecules move from area of higher concentration to lower concentration of gases - O2 passes into the capillary bed to be circulated CO2 leaves the capillary bed diffuses into the alveoli for vent. excretion Respiratory Tract Perfusion - influenced by alveolar pressure. For gas exchange, the perfusion of each alveoli must be matched by adequate ventilation. Mucosal edema, secretions, bronchospasms increase the resistance to airflow dec. ventilation diffusion of gases Bronchial Smooth Muscle - In the tracheobronchial tube is smooth muscle whose fibers spiral around the tube ? contraction ? constriction of airway - Parasympathetic Nervous system ? releases acetylcholine ? bronchoconstriction - Sympathetic Nervous system ? releases epinephrine ? stimulates beta-2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle ? bronchodilation Drugs for Upper respiratory Infections Upper Respiratory Infections (URI’s) = common cold, acute rhinitis, sinusitis, acute tonsillitis, acute laryngitis - The common cold = most expensive $500 million spent on OTC preparations Common Cold Acute Rhinitis - - Common cold caused by the rhinovirus affects primarily the nasopharyngeal tract. - Acute rhinitis (inflammation of mucus membranes of nose) usually accompanies the com