x Environment Interactions Oregon State 基因型与环境的相互作用俄勒冈州课件.ppt

Nonlinear models for GEI analysis Assumptions for linear models homoscedasticity (errors homogeneous = common variance) normal distribution of residuals errors are independent (e.g. no relationship between mean and variance) Generalized linear models can be used when assumptions are not met SAS PROC GENMOD, PROC NLMIXED, PROC GLIMMIX Nonparametric approaches Smoothing spline genotype analysis Agroecological zones The Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used to define regions with similar ecologies for crop production Gauch and Zobel (1997) described methodologies for defining mega-environments and regions of cultivar adaptation using actual yield data from multi-locational trials Further work is needed to integrate information from GIS with actual performance data to help define target breeding environments Crop models Crop simulation models calculate or predict crop yield as a function of: Weather conditions Soil conditions Crop management scenarios Genetic coefficients Potential production determined by Solar radiation and temperature as input Simulate growth and development Plant carbon balance (photosynthesis, respiration, partitioning) More sophisticated models may also consider yield reductions due to: limited water limited nitrogen and other nutrients insects, diseases, and weeds From a presentation by Gerrit Hoogenboom, 2002 Peanut Varieties in Thailand Development Coefficients (Photothermal days): Time between emergence and flowering (16.4 - 25.0 d) Seed filling Duration (22.0 - 44.0 d) Time required for final pod load (13.0 - 30.0 d) Growth Coefficients: Maximum leaf photosynthetic rate (1.04 - 1.40 mg CO2 m-2 s-1 ) Maximum partitioning to seed + shell (0.58-0.95) Maximum weight per seed (0.39-1.18 g) From a presentation by Gerrit Hoogenboom, 2002 Peanut Varieties in Thailand Simulated and observed above ground biomass for entry no. 9 GEI - Conclusions Many techniques available An active area of research Need to synthesize information perform