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History of Intelligence Testing智力测试历史.ppt
Intelligence Testing A brief history of intelligence The concept of intelligence is relatively new, unknown a century ago, though it comes from older Latin roots inter= between, within + legere =to bring together, gather, pick out, choose, catch up, catch with the eye, read; intellegere = to see into, perceive, understand Francis Galton revived the term in the late 19th century, arguing for its innateness A brief history of intelligence Some objected to the innateness bias, and suggested the term be replaced with general scholastic ability or general educational ability However, this did not catch on = most theorists today posit a construct of intelligence that is independent of education Defining intelligence Binet (1916) defined it as the capacity to judge well, to reason well, and to comprehend well Terman (1916) defined it as the capacity to form concepts and grasp their significance Pintner (1921) defined it as the ability of an individual to adapt well to new situations in life Thorndike (1921) defined it as the power of good responses from the point of view of truth or fact Thurstone (1921) defined it as the capacity to inhibit instinctive response, imagine a different response, and realize the response modification into behavior Defining intelligence Spearman (1923) defined it as a general ability involving mainly the ability to see relations and correlates Wechlser (1939) defined it as the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment Piaget (1972) defined it as referring to the superior forms of organization or equilibrium of cognitive structuring used for adaptation to the to the physical and social environment Sternberg (1985) defined it as the mental capacity to automatize information processing and to emit contextually appropriate behavior in response to novelty Gardner (1986) defined it as the ability to solve problems or fashion products valued within some setting. Defining int
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