Forces That Enable Flight的力量，使飞行.pptVIP

Forces That Enable Flight Lift (upward force) Thrust (forward force) LIFT Sources of Lift Dynamic pressure above airfoil higher than below, thus static pressure below greater, pushes airfoil up Some air deflected downward from lower surface, opposite (upward) reaction force is another source of lift Airfoils Wing Bone at leading edge with feathers trailing creates convex shape Forearm with secondaries attached is the main source of lift Primary feathers Asymmetric shape with stiff rachis leading and long barbs trailing creates convex shape Thrust Produced like propeller Leading edge of wing cuts vertically, force produced is forward thrust Large birds twist primary feathers as wing beats to produce thrust, forearm stays horizontal and continues to produce (increased) lift Small birds create thrust with entire wing, plus additional thrust from primary feathers Passive recovery upstroke Flight Adaptations Rigid wing and feather structure Required to create air flow patterns that result in lift Because wing form maintained, forces created result in lift rather than bending of body Light weight Weight counters lift Application of Thrust Momentum (mass x velocity) perpetuates thrust Drag counters thrust Profile drag (friction with air, the reason for streamlining) Induced drag (turbulence) Sources of Drag Air flow over wing (induced) Wing tips (induced) Projections from body (profile) Adaptations in forelimb eliminate sources of profile drag Alula is the exception Features used to maintain lift Problem when wing is held at steep angle Alula deflects air down over wing to maintain flow, prevent induced drag Slots in wings perform same function, front primary directs air over primary behind Air forced through slots expands on upper surface (reduced static pressure) to create more lift Static Soaring Use thermals, obstruction currents to attain altitude Use gravity to generate speed, lift Low wing loading (large wings relative to weight) promotes use of lift Must be able