Maintenance of variation变异的维持.pptVIP

* Genetic Variation - The fuel of natural selection Campbell et al, chapter 23 Populations are polymorphic Nature vs. Nurture Source of variation Maintenance of variation Populations are polymorphic Nature vs. Nurture Source of variation Maintenance of variation Polymorphic populations Example: Darwin finches on Galapagos Polymorphic populations Example: Lazuli bunting Polymorphic populations Example: Swallowtail butterfly Populations are polymorphic Nature vs. Nurture Source of variation Maintenance of variation Nature vs. Nurture Phenotypic Expression Protein Genome (blueprint) Nature Environment Nurture I found the gene that makes us believe all traits are based on genes Nature vs. Nurture Gene Chromosome Genome Genepool Nature vs. Nurture Diploidy There are 2 copies of each gene Father Mother Offspring 2 identical copies = homozygot Father Mother Offspring 2 different copies = heterozygot Nature vs. Nurture Genotype is more variable than phenotype Only genetic variation counts for evolution Nature vs. Nurture How to separate the two? Example: Altitudinal gradient Common Garden Exp. Gene Environment Mixture of both Populations are polymorphic Nature vs. Nurture Source of variation Mutation Recombination Maintenance of variation Source of Genetic Variation 1. Mutation Change in: DNA sequence Chromosome structure Number of Chromosomes Due to: Copying Errors Environmental factors Source of Genetic Variation 2. Recombination Reshuffling of chromosomes during reproduction Crossing over A B C A B C A B C A B C Populations are polymorphic Nature vs. Nurture Source of variation Maintenance of variation Selection Heterosis Maintenance of Variation 1. Stabilising selection Favours mean over tail Loss of variation Maintenance of Variation 1. Stabilising selection Example: Darwin Finches Bill size Foraging effic