Selection Bias Conceptsppt选择偏倚conceptsppt.pptVIP

CC study: Sample cases with a much higher prob than controls Works only for true RR=1 ? Can also have both biased downwards Also an example of both biased downwards For deeper understanding and frustration see: VanderWeele and Robins: Directed Acyclic Graphs, Sufficient Causes, and the Properties of Conditioning on a Common Effect, AJE 2007 H.S. * H.S. * Selection Bias Concepts Hein Stigum Presentation, data and programs at: http://folk.uio.no/heins/talks Questions Given measured appropriate variables: Can you adjust for confounding? Yes Can you adjust for selection bias? Depends on the definition * H.S. * Contents Background Define bias Selection bias as effect modification (old concept) as collider stratification bias (new concept) DAG structure Examples Size and direction of bias * H.S. * Bias definition Bias Frequency: expected risk ≠ true risk Effect: association ≠ causal effect * H.S. * Selection bias concepts Concept Effect responders ≠ Effect non responders Differential response bias Differential loss to follow up Healthy worker bias Berkson’s bias (case control) DAG structure Effect modification Collider stratification bias * H.S. * Selection bias as effect modification * H.S. * Selection bias: Risk Selection of responders ? The prevalence is different among the responders compared to the full population the responders compared to the non responders * H.S. * R1 R0 Rp Non responders Responders Population Rp is the weighted mean of R0 and R1 Effect modification Selection of responders ? The effect of E on D is different among the responders compared to the full population the responders compared to the non responders * H.S. * RR1 RR0 RRp Non responders Responders Population Problems Is not a bias, RR0 and RR1 are the true effects Is effect modification by selection variable S Leads to the conclusion that: Biolocical effects are protected from bias The bias can not be adjusted for RRp is the average of RR0 and RR1 * H.S. * E D S “DAG” stru