中英文献翻译：语音识别peech recognition.docVIP

Speech Recognition Victor Zue, Ron Cole, Wayne Ward MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Oregon Graduate Institute of Science Technology, Portland, Oregon, USA Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 1 Defining the Problem Speech recognition is the process of converting an acoustic signal, captured by a microphone or a telephone, to a set of words. The recognized words can be the final results, as for applications such as commands control, data entry, and document preparation. They can also serve as the input to further linguistic processing in order to achieve speech understanding, a subject covered in section. Speech recognition systems can be characterized by many parameters, some of the more important of which are shown in Figure. An isolated-word speech recognition system requires that the speaker pause briefly between words, whereas a continuous speech recognition system does not. Spontaneous, or extemporaneously generated, speech contains disfluencies, and is much more difficult to recognize than speech read from script. Some systems require speaker enrollment---a user must provide samples of his or her speech before using them, whereas other systems are said to be speaker-independent, in that no enrollment is necessary. Some of the other parameters depend on the specific task. Recognition is generally more difficult when vocabularies are large or have many similar-sounding words. When speech is produced in a sequence of words, language models or artificial grammars are used to restrict the combination of words. The simplest language model can be specified as a finite-state network, where the permissible words following each word are given explicitly. More general language models approximating natural language are specified in terms of a context-sensitive grammar. One popular measure of the difficulty of the task, combining the vocabulary size and the language model, is perplexity, loosely defined as the