Active Filters, EQs amp; Crossovers - CEDIA Crosspoint：有源滤波器，情商amp；交叉- CEDIA交叉点.pptVIP

Active Filters, EQs Crossovers Dennis Bohn Rane Corporation It’s All About the Mathematics Electronic filters are all about the mathematics. You cannot escape the math. We will study the math; … you will love the math. Simplified Laplace Transforms Represents complex (frequency dependent) impedance, i.e., magnitude phase Uses the Laplace Operator, s, where s = complex frequency variable = jω = j2πf Resistor Impedance = R (freq. independent) Capacitor Reactance = 1/sC Inductor Reactance = sL Allows writing a circuit’s transfer function by summing circuit currents using Kirchoff’s Law Transfer Functions (TF) Transfer functions mathematically describe the frequency domain behavior of filters. TF = ratio of Laplace Transforms of a circuit’s input and output voltages: T(s) = Vout(s) / Vin(s) Filter Transfer Functions General filter transfer function is the ratio of two polynomials: TF Poles Zeros “Zeros” = values that make numerator equal zero, i.e., the roots of the numerator. Makes amplitude response rolloff 6 dB/oct. Shifts phase +90°/zero (+45° @ fc) “Poles” = values that make denominator equal zero, i.e., the roots of the denominator. Makes amplitude response rise 6 dB/oct. Shifts phase –90°/zero (–45° @ fc) Audio Filter Order The order or degree (equivalent terms) is the highest power of s in the transfer function. For analog circuits usually equals the number of capacitors (or inductors) in the circuit. 2nd-order most common. For common audio filters the order equals the rolloff rate divided by 6dB/oct, e.g. 24 dB/oct rolloff = 4th order (24 ?6 = 4) Audio Filter Order (cont.) Rule: 6 dB/oct 90° per order Examples:1st-order = 6 dB/oct; θ = 90° (? 45° @ fc) 2nd-order = 12 dB/oct; θ = 180° (? 90° @ fc) 3rd-order = 18 dB/oct; θ = 270° (?135° @ fc) 4th-order = 24 dB/oct; θ = 360° (?180° @ fc)  … etc. Why 6 dB/octave Slope? The impedance of a capacitor is half with twice the frequency, i.e., XC = 1/sC = 1/2?fC The impedance