Beyond Bias and Barriers Fulfilling the Potential除了偏见和障碍实现的潜力.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering The National Academies, 2007 /catalog/11741.html Beyond Bias and Barriers Study Committee DONNA E. SHALALA (Chair) President, University of Miami ALICE M. AGOGINO University of California, Berkeley LOTTE BAILYN Massachusetts Institute of Technology ROBERT J. BIRGENEAU Chancellor, UC Berkeley ANA MARI CAUCE Executive Vice Provost, University of Washington CATHERINE D. DEANGELIS Editor-in-Chief, JAMA DENICE DENTON* Chancellor, UC Santa Cruz BARBARA GROSZ Harvard University JO HANDELSMAN HHMI Professor, University of Wisconsin Madison NAN KEOHANE President Emerita, Duke University SHIRLEY MALCOM AAAS GERALDINE RICHMOND University of Oregon ALICE M. RIVLIN Brookings Institution RUTH SIMMONS President, Brown University ELIZABETH SPELKE Harvard University JOAN STEITZ HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine ELAINE WEYUKER ATT Laboratories MARIA T. ZUBER Massachusetts Institute of Technology FINDINGS Differences in biology and aptitude Pipeline Outright discrimination Unconscious bias Climate Rules, policies, and structures Women have the drive and ability to succeed in science and engineering. No significant biological differences between men and women that would explain differential representation No significant differences in performance in science and math that account for differential representation Representation of women has increased 30-fold in some fields in the last two decades, which shows that when opportunities in science are available, women take them and excel More girls are completing advanced science and mathematics classes in high school Subject 1990 1994 1998 2000 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Mathematics Trig/Algebra 3 20.6% 20.9% 23.0% 24.9% 19.4% 22.5% 17.9% 21.1% Precalculus 14.4% 13.0% 16.3% 18.4% 23.1% 22.9% 25.4% 27.9% Calculus 8.3% 6.2% 10.3% 10.1% 12.0% 11.6% 13.3% 12.0%